National Statistics Office

“Childcare and household chores keep around 69% women out of the labour force in India's top 46 cities with million-plus population, highlighting the gender-bias in nature of care work even among the …”

“For instance, 83% women in Howrah cited childcare and household chores as the reason for being out of the labour force, followed by Surat (81%), Pimpri Chinchwad and Bhopal (78%), and Dhanbad (77%).”

“While a salaried male earned Rs 30,700 a month in million-plus cities, a female earned Rs 23,700 - 23% lower.”

“In case of self-employment, men (Rs 33,880) had over double the monthly earnings of women (Rs 16,160).”

“Workers in million-plus cities on average worked for 49.5 hours a week compared with 47.1 hours in urban India.”